المواجهة الجنائية لجرائم الكراهية عبر الميتافيرس دراسة في ضوء الإبادة الإيزيدية

- The Holy Qur’an

First: Arabic Sources

A– Books

I. Al-Bukhari, A. A. M. I. (1993). Sahih al-Bukhari (M. D. al-Bugha, Ed.; Vol. 1, 5th ed.). Damascus: Dar Ibn Kathir; Dar al-Yamama.

II. Hassani, M. N. (2012). Explanation of the Penal Code – General Part (7th ed.). Cairo: Arab Renaissance House.

III. Al-Haydari, J. I. (2016). The legal treatment of hate crimes. Beirut: Al-Sanhouri Library.

IV. Giddens, A. (2005). Sociology (F. Al-Sabbagh, Trans.; 1st ed.). Beirut: Arab Organization for Translation.

V. Fadlallah, S. M. H. (1993). From the inspiration of the Qur’an – Exegesis (Vol. 8, 3rd ed.). Beirut: Al-Malak Publishing House.

VI. Al-Madā’inī, I. A. al-H. (1967). Sharh Nahj al-Balāgha (Vol. 17, 2nd ed.). Holy Qom: Library of Grand Ayatollah Al-Mar’ashi al-Najafi.

VII. Al-Minyawi, M. (2010). Discrimination and incitement to violence in international conventions. Cairo: Arab Renaissance House.

VIII. Lambert, W. W., & Lambert, W. E. (1993). Social psychology (S. Al-Mulla, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Cairo: Dar Al-Shorouk.

B– Peer-Reviewed Studies and Research Articles

I. Al-Husseini, H. M. (2023). Metaversal criminality. Journal of Legal and Political Sciences, College of Law and Political Science, University of Diyala, 12(2).

II. Al-Sayah, S. (2012, March 13–14). Virtual crimes. Paper presented at the 5th International Scientific Forum on the Virtual Economy and Its Impacts on International Economies, University Center of Khemis Miliana, Algeria.

III. Mohammed, I. K., & Hameed, S. N. (2018). The crime of inciting hatred between the problematic of interpreting Qur’anic texts and the effectiveness of legislation. Journal of Legal Sciences, University of Baghdad, (2).

IV. Al-Mulla, M. S. (2023). Metaverse technology – New challenges in criminal law – An analytical descriptive study. Journal of Kuwait International Law School, (14).

V. Mahdi, E. M. (2021). Cyber jihad – A study of ISIS and the U.S. strategy to counter it. Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Political Science, University of Cairo, 22(2).

VI. Hashem, S. (2005). Exclusion and the problem of social cohesion. In Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the International Council on Social Work – Middle East & North Africa Region (pp. xx–xx). Cairo: Association for Studies and Research for Development.

C– Theses and Dissertations

I. Ibrahim, R. K. (2019). The vile motive in the penal code – An analytical study (Master’s thesis). College of Law, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

II. Abdul-Faraj, W. B. (2015). Hate crimes – A comparative study in national and international laws (Master’s thesis). College of Law, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

III. Abdullah, M. M. (1975). Motive in Iraqi law – A comparative study (Master’s thesis). College of Law, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

IV. Nasser Al-Rahamneh. (2018). Hate speech on Facebook in Jordan – A survey study (Master’s thesis). Middle East University, Department of Media, Jordan.

V. Al-Baydani, F. M. H. (2009). Collective violence and its relation to prejudice and social facilitation (Doctoral dissertation). Iraqi Center for Information and Studies, Baghdad, Iraq.

D– Arabic Online Articles

I. Buratha News. (2025). Grand Ayatollah Al-Sistani: The Yazidis are a trust in our care. https://burathanews.com/arabic/news/247260

1. Al-Izidi, I. (2019, August 25). Childbearing, conversion of religion, and fear hinder the return of hundreds of Yazidi kidnapped women from Al-Hol Camp. KirkukNow. https://kirkuknow.com/ar/news/60003

E– Iraqi Judicial Decisions

I. Central Criminal Court in Al-Rusafa, Second Panel. (2016, September 29). Decision No. 1750/J2/2016. Iraq.

F– International Conventions

I. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. (1948).

II. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. (1965).

III. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (1966).

G– Laws and Legislation

I. Anti-Terrorism Law No. 13 of 2005.

II. Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 (Amended).

III. Law No. 2 of 2025 – Second Amendment to the General Amnesty Law No. 27 of 2016.

IV. Yazidi Survivors Law No. 8 of 2021.

Second: Foreign Sources

A– Peer-Reviewed Foreign Studies

I. Davis, T. E. (2009). How the Rome Statute weakens the international prohibition on incitement to genocide. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 22.

II. Navarro, J. I., Marchena, E., & Menacho, I. (2013). The psychology of hatred. The Open Criminology Journal, 6(1).

III. Wibke, K., & Temmermaun, K. (2006). Incitement in international criminal law. International Review of the Red Cross, 88(864).

IV. Mystakidis, S. (2022). Metaverse. Encyclopedia, 2(1). MDPI.

B– Foreign Theses

I. Karadima, S. (2016). New trends in terrorism: The use of social media, cyber-terrorism, the role of open-source intelligence, and the cases of right-wing extremism and lone-wolf terrorism (Master’s thesis). University of Piraeus, Greece.

C– Foreign Online Articles

I. Pomerleau, M. (2017, August 15). How ISIS harnesses commercial tech to run its global terrorist network. C4ISRNET. https://www.c4isrnet.com/show-reporter/dodiis/2017/08/15/how-isis-harnesses-commercial-tech-to-run-its-global-terrorist-network.

D– Judicial Decisions

I. Tribunal judiciaire de Paris. (2023). Decision No. 22/01293. France.