الركن المعنوي في جريمة الإبادة الجماعية وتحديات إثباته" دراسة الحالة الفلسطينية"

I. Amnesty International. (2024, December). Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza: “You feel less than human.” Amnesty International Retrieved November 13, 2025, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

II. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Case No. ICTR-96-3.

III. Kreb, Claus(2006). The Crime of Genocide under International Law, International Criminal Law Review,vol,6, no,p. 461-502.

IV. Office of the United Nations Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. (2023). Analysis framework – Legal definition of genocide. United Nations. Retrieved from https://docslib.org/doc/6593500/office-of-the-un-special-adviser-on-the-prevention-of-genocide-osapg

V. Republic of Serbia. (2009). Counter-Memorial: Case concerning application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) (Vol. 1). International Court of Justice.

VI. Schabas, A.William.(2000). Genocide in International Law, Cambridge University Press.

VII. Sultany, N. (2024). A threshold crossed: On genocidal intent and the duty to prevent genocide in Palestine. Journal of Genocide Research, p.1-26.

VIII. Travis, H. (2021). Ethnic cleansing and genocidal intent: Conceptualizing destruction of local populations. Washington University Global Studies Law Review, 20(3), 803-862.

IX. Van Santen, B. (2025). Demonstrating genocidal intent before the ICJ. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 57, 155–194.

X. ثالثا_ المراجع العربية مترجمة:

XI. Al-Ash'al, Abdullah. (2009, November 09). This is how the Zionist entity justifies its crimes in Gaza? Al-Mahjah Magazine. https://arab-scholars.com/31d7c1

XII. Bashar, Nabil.(1994). International Responsibility in a Changing World, 1st ed., Mansoura Press.

XIII. Jad, Mohammed.(2025). The crime of genocide between the duality of theoretical criminalization and practical impunity, Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, Volume 11, Issue 2, pp. 2714-2753.

XIV. Al-Janaini, Alaa.(2024). The crime of genocide and its punishment in international law with application to Gaza as an example, Journal of the College of Sharia and Law, Tafhana Al-Ashraf, Part Four, pp. 4385-4450.

XV. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.(2025). The Wounded, retrieved 11/10/2025, through: https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/lang__ar/1406/Default.aspx

XVI. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.(2025). Martyrs, retrieved 11/10/2025, through: https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/lang__ar/1405/Default.aspx

XVII. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.(2025). Demolished buildings, retrieved 11/17/2025, by: https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/lang__ar/1408/Default.aspx

XVIII. Hijazi, Mahmoud (2006). Combating International Terrorism between International Law and State Practice, ed., Al-Ashry Press, Cairo.

XIX. Hussein, Hayat.(2022). The problem of proving criminal intent in the crime of genocide, Journal of Law and Political Science, University of Khenchela, Volume 9, Issue 2, pp. 111-131.

XX. Dahiliya, Jude.(2021). The Crime of Genocide in International Law, Master's Thesis, An-Najah University, Palestine.

XXI. Al-Shawi, Sultan and Al-Warikat, Muhammad.(2011). General Principles in the Penal Code, 1st ed., Dar Wael, Amman.

XXII. Sharif, Kazem and Afan, Haider.(2023). Special Criminal Intent in the Crime of Genocide, Journal of the Faculty of Law, Al-Nahrain University, Volume 25, Issue 1, pp. 283-314.Al-Shammari, Abdul Razzaq.(2022). The Crime of Genocide in International Criminal Law, Al-Halabi Human Rights Publications, Beirut, 1st ed.

XXIII. Shams al-Din, Ashraf.(1999). Principles of International Criminal Law, second edition, Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya, Cairo.

XXIV. Amer, Salah al-Din.(1977). Armed Popular Resistance in Public International Law with Special Reference to the Foundations of International Legitimacy of the Palestinian Resistance, ed., Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya, Cairo.

XXV. Abdulkhaliq, Muhammad.(1989). International Crimes: A Fundamental Study of Crimes Against Humanity, Peace, and War Crimes, 1st ed., Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya, Cairo.

XXVI. Abusultan, Abdullah.(2009). The Role of International Criminal Law in Protecting Human Rights, First Edition, Dar Dijlah, Amman.

XXVII. Obaid, Hassanein.(1979). International Crime (An Applied Analytical Study), 1st ed., Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya, Cairo.

XXVIII. Al-Azzizi, Nabil.(2024). Public International Law and the Fight against Genocide (The Palestinian Question as a Model), Legal Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 491-548.

XXIX. Al-Faar, Abdul Wahid.(1995). International Crimes and the Authority to Punish Them, no edition number, Dar Al Nahda Al Arabiya, Cairo.

XXX. Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Document No.: A/ES-10/273.

XXXI. Farajullah, Simon.(2000). Crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes and the development of their concepts: in Studies in International Humanitarian Law, presented by Dr. Mufid Shihab, 1st ed., Dar Al-Mustaqbal, Cairo.

XXXII. Al-Qahwaji, Ali.(2001). International Criminal Law (The Most Important International Crimes, International Courts), 1st ed., Al-Halabi Human Rights Publications.

XXXIII. Landler, Mark. (2023, November 15). Erase Gaza: War unleashes fiery rhetoric in Israel. Palestinian Forum. Retrieved November 13, 2025, from https://arab-scholars.com/16b163

XXXIV. Metwally, Rajab.(2010). The difference between international terrorism and legitimate resistance in light of the rules of contemporary international law, without ed., without a publishing house.

XXXV. Human Rights Council.(2022). Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem and Israel, Document No. A/HRC/50/21 issued on 9/5/2022.

XXXVI. Marei, Ahmed.(2012). Legal Defense in Light of Modern International Changes, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Law, Cairo University.

XXXVII. Mansour, Mohammed and Qatari, Mohammed.(2017). Criminal, civil and international responsibility of perpetrators of genocide crimes before the judiciary, Journal of the Faculty of Sharia and Law, Tanta, Volume 32, Issue 3, pp. 804-901.

XXXVIII. Amnesty International.(2024). Genocide committed by Israel against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, Document No.: MDE 15/8668/2024.

XXXIX. Nazarene, Maryam.(2022). Special Criminal Intent in the Crime of Genocide in Light of the Rome Statute, The Thinker, Volume 17, Issue 1, pp. 376-398.

XL. Al-Naimi, Lahbib.(2024). Special criminal intent to exterminate protected groups, comparative legal and judicial interpretation, Arab Book Journal of International Law, Issue 4, pp. 173-186.

XLI. Human Rights Watch.(2024). Genocide and Acts of Genocide, USA.

XLII. Human Rights Watch.(2021). They crossed the line: the Israeli authorities and the crimes of apartheid and persecution.